In the following century, references to Venice as a Byzantine dominion disappeared, and in a document from 976 there is a mention of the most glorious Domino Venetiarum ( English: Lord of Venice), where the 'most glorious' appellative had already been used for the first time in the Pactum Lotharii and where the appellative "Lord" refers to the fact that the doge was still considered like a king, even if elected by the popular assembly.
This commercial agreement, stipulated between the Duchy of Venice ( Latin: Ducatum Venetiae) and the Carolingian Empire, de facto ratified the independence of Venice from the Byzantine Empire. During the eighth century, when Venice still depended on the Byzantine Empire, the doge was called Dux Venetiarum Provinciae ( English: Doge of the Province of Venice), and then, starting from 840, Dux Veneticorum ( English: Doge of the Venetians), following the signing of the Pactum Lotharii. 2.6 League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepantoĭuring its long history, the Republic of Venice took on various names, all closely linked to the titles attributed to the doge.2.5 15th century: The expansion in the mainland.Venice became part of a unified Italy in the 19th century. In 1797, the republic was plundered by retreating Austrian and then French forces, following an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Republic of Venice was split into the Austrian Venetian Province, the Cisalpine Republic, a French client state, and the Ionian French departments of Greece. The city state suffered defeats from the navy of the Ottoman Empire.
The opening of new trade routes to the Americas and the East Indies via the Atlantic Ocean marked the beginning of Venice's decline as a powerful maritime republic. The city-state enforced strict laws and employed ruthless tactics in its prisons. Venetian citizens generally supported the system of governance. Venice and other Italian maritime republics played a key role in fostering capitalism. The ruling class was an oligarchy of merchants and aristocrats. The republic was ruled by the doge, who was elected by members of the Great Council of Venice, the city-state's parliament, and ruled for life. The city was also the birthplace of great European explorers, such as Marco Polo, as well as Baroque composers such as Antonio Vivaldi and Benedetto Marcello and famous painters such as the Renaissance master Titian. Venetian merchants were influential financiers in Europe. It became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class, who patronised renowned art and architecture along the city's lagoons. Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea. However, Venice perceived Rome as an enemy and maintained high levels of religious and ideological independence personified by the patriarch of Venice and a highly developed independent publishing industry that served as a haven from Catholic censorship for many centuries. The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades, most notably in the Fourth Crusade. It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea, including commerce between Europe and North Africa, as well as Asia. In subsequent centuries, the city state established a thalassocracy. In its early years, it prospered on the salt trade. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The Republic of Venice ( Venetian: Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic (Venetian: Repùblega Vèneta), traditionally known as La Serenissima (English: Most Serene Republic of Venice Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia), was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy (mainly northeastern Italy) which existed for 1100 years from 697 AD until 1797 AD. Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is, thus, dated to 697 AD. Their existence as doges is uncorroborated by any source before the 11th century, but as Norwich suggests, is probably not entirely legendary. ^ Paolo Lucio Anafesto is traditionally the first Doge of Venice, but John Julius Norwich suggests that this may be a mistake for Paul, Exarch of Ravenna, and that the traditional second doge Marcello Tegalliano may have been the similarly named magister militum to Paul.
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